Judges 3

^I “nations” = goy. From the same root as gevah (the back, person, or body); related to gev (among); related to gaah (to rise up). This is nation or people. Often used to refer to Gentiles or foreign nations. It can also be used figuratively for a group of animals. This is where the Yiddish “goy” comes from.
^II “Lord” = YHVH. From havah (to be, become) or hayah (to come to pass, become, be). This is the name of the God of Israel, the self-existent and eternal one, the tetragrammaton. This pronunciation has been lost to time so “Lord” is generally used in its place.
^III “left” = yanach. Perhaps from the same as nuach (to rest, calm, camp, free, place, remain, satisfy, settle, station, or wait; implies settling down in a literal or figurative sense). This is to lay down, let alone, pacify, cast down, or deposit. It can also mean to allow something or someone to stay.

^IV “test” = nasah. This is to test, prove, try, tempt, or attempt.
^V “all” = kol. From kalal (to complete). This is all or every.
^VI “Israel” = Yisrael. From sarah (to persist, exert oneself, contend, persevere, wrestle, prevail) + El (God or god). This is Israel, meaning God strives or one who strives with God; new name for Jacob and for his offspring. This refers to the people and to the land.
^VII “had…experience” = yada. This is to know, acknowledge, advise, answer, be aware, be acquainted with. Properly, this is to figure something out by seeing. It includes ideas of observation, recognition, and care about something. It can be used causatively for instruction, designation, and punishment.
^VIII {untranslated} = kol. Same as “all” in v1. See note V above.

^IX “war” = milchamah. From lacham (to eat or feed on; figuratively, to battle as a kind of consumption/destruction). This is battle, war, fighting, or one who fights (i.e. a warrior).
^X “Canaan” = Kna’an. From kana’ (to be humble, subdue; properly, bend the knee). This is Canaan, his descendants, and the land where they settled. This could mean lowlands, describing their land or subjugated in reference to being conquered by Egypt. See https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canaan
^XI “only” = raq. From the same as raq (thin, surely, only); perhaps from raqaq (to spit). This is but, except, at least. In the sense of being thin, it figuratively refers to some kind of limit.
^XII {untranslated} = daat. Related to “had…experience” in v1. From yada (see note VII above). This is knowledge, unawares, cunning, wittingly.

^XIII “successive” = raq. Same as “only” in v2. See note XI above.
^XIV “generations” = dor. From dur (to move in a circle, which implies living somewhere or remaining there; it can also be the sense of piling or heaping up). This is a revolution of time, which is to say, an age or generation. It can also be a dwelling or one’s posterity.
^XV “Israelites” = ben + Yisrael. Literally, “children of Israel.” Ben is from banah (to build or obtain children). This is son, age, child. It is son in a literal or figurative sense. Yisrael is the same as “Israel” in v1. See note VI above.
^XVI “teach” = lamad. Properly, this refers to goading (using a pointed stick to guide or prod one’s flock). By implication, it means teaching or instructing.
^XVII {untranslated} = paneh. From panah (to turn, face, appear). This is face in a literal or figurative sense. It could be face, presence, anger, respect. It can also be used of God to indicate divine favor or presence.

^XVIII “five” = chamesh. This is five.
^XIX “lords” = seren. May be taken from the Philistine language. Literally, this is an axle. Figuratively, it is a lord. In some places, they are numbered as five lords – one for each of the Philistinian cities.
^XX “Philistines” = Pelishti. From Pelesheth (Philistia); from palash (to mourn, wallow, maybe roll in). This is Philistines. Their name may mean “griever” or “burrower” or “weakener.” See https://www.abarim-publications.com/Meaning/Philistine.html.
^XXI “Canaanites” = Knaani. Related to “Canaan” in v1. From Kna’an (see note X above). This is Canaanite, which in some instances would imply a peddler or sometimes used in place of Ishmaelite. See https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canaan

^XXII “Sidonians” = Tsidoni. 16x in OT. From Tsidon (Sidon – a city in Phoenicia); from Phoenician tsydon (Sidon; probably meaning fishery or fishing town). This is Sidonian or Zidonian. See https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Sidon & https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidon
^XXIII “Hivites” = Chivvi. Probably from the same as chavyah (life-giving, which implies the place where one lives like a village or place where one camps); probably from the same as Chavvah (Eve, life-giver); from chavah (show, tell, live, declare). This is Hivite, perhaps meaning villagers or tent villagers.
^XXIV “lived” = yashab. This is to sit and so to remain and so to dwell. It is sitting for any reason – as a judge, in order to ambush, or just sitting quietly. Causatively, this can mean settling or marrying. This can also mean continue, endure, or establish.

^XXV “Mount” = har. From harar (hill or mountain). This is mountain, hill, hilly region.
^XXVI “Lebanon” = Lebanon. From laben (to be white, make white, make bricks) OR form Aramaic lebab (heart); corresponding to Hebrew lebab (heart, courage, one’s inner self, the mind, or the will). This is Lebanon. The sense of “white” comes from the snow on the top of its mountains. See https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanon
^XXVII “Baal-hermon” = Baal Chermon. 2x in OT – 1x in Judges & 1x I 1 Chronicles 5. From Baal (Baal, used for several Canaanite gods; literally, “lord”); {from the same as baal (owner, master, husband); from baal (to marry, have dominion over, to master)}} + Chermon (Hermon, meaning “sacred mountain” or “abrupt”); {from charam (to ban, destroy, devote, seclude; to dedicate to a religious purpose, often for destruction)}. This is Baal-hermon, a place whose name may mean “Baal of Hermon” or “possessor of Hermon” or “lord of destruction” or “lord of designation” or “master of destruction” or “place of the nose.” See https://www.abarim-publications.com/Meaning/Baal-hermon.html
^XXVIII “Lebo-hamath” = bo + Chamath. Bo is to enter, come in, advance, fulfill, bring offerings, enter to worship, attack. It can also have a sexual connotation. Chamath is from the same as chemeth (waterskin, bottle); from the same as chomah (a wall for protection); from the same as cham (father-in-law – one’s husband’s father; perhaps from a root meaning to join). This is Hamath or Chamath, a place whose name means “walled” or “fortification” or “fortress” or “defense” or “citadel” or “waterskin.” See https://www.abarim-publications.com/Meaning/Hamath.html

^XXIX “were” = hayah. Related to “Lord” in v1. See note II above.
^XXX “know” = yada. Same as “had…experience” in v1. See note VII above.
^XXXI “obey” = shama. This is to hear, call, consent, or consider. It implies listening intelligently, giving attention, and, because of these two factors, obedience and action are often implied.
^XXXII “commandments” = mitsvah. From tsavah (to charge, command, order, enjoin). This is a commandment, law, ordinance obligation, or tradition. It is something commanded whether by God or by a human authority. This term is sometimes used collectively to refer to the Law.

^XXXIII “commanded” = tsavah. Related to “commandments” in v4. See note XXXII above.
^XXXIV “ancestors” = ab. This is father, chief, or ancestor. It is father in a literal or figurative sense.
^XXXV {untranslated} = yad. This is hand, ability, power. Hand in a literal sense, but also what one can do or the means by which one does it.
^XXXVI “Moses” = Mosheh. From mashah (to pull out in a literal or figurative sense, to draw out) OR from Egyptian mes or mesu (child, son i.e. child of…). This is Moses – the one drawn out from the water, which is to say, rescued. If derived from the Egyptian, his name would share a root with Rameses and Thutmose.

^XXXVII “among” = qereb. Perhaps from qarab (to come near or approach). This is among, in the midst, before, the center It is the inward part, whether literal or figurative. It can also be used for the heart, the site of thoughts and feelings. This word is also used as a technical term for the entrails of the animals who are sacrificed.
^XXXVIII “Hittites” = Chitti. From cheth (Heth or Cheth; one of Canaan’s sons from whom perhaps the Hittites descend) OR from hatat (terror, lacking strength or courage); perhaps from hata (to seize; often used of coals from a fire). This is Hittite – perhaps meaning terrors or terrible. See https://www.abarim-publications.com/Meaning/Hittite.html#.XyMgpp5KhPY
^XXXIX “Amorites” = Emori. From amar (to speak, say, answer, command, promise, report). This is Amorite or Emori, perhaps meaning talkers.

^XL “Perizzites” = Perizzi. Perhaps from perazi (rural area, unwalled land); from the same as perazah (rural, village without walls, open country); from the same as paraz (root may mean to separate; perhaps warriors, chieftan, or throng). This is Perizzite, perhaps meaning rural or wild one.
^XLI “Jebusites” = Yebusi. From yebus (threshing place; one of the former names of Jerusalem); from bus (to trample down, tread in a literal or figurative sense; to loathe, pollute, squirm). This is Jebusite, meaning treaders or threshers.
^XLII “took” = laqach. This is to take, accept, carry away, receive. It can also have the sense of take a wife or take in marriage.
^XLIII “daughters” = bat. Related to “Israelites” in v2. From ben (see note XV above). This is daughter in a literal or figurative sense.

^XLIV “wives” = ishshah. From ish (man); perhaps from enosh (human, humankind, mortal); from anash (to be weak, sick, or frail). This is woman, wife, or female.
^XLV “gave” = natan. This is to give, put, set, offer. It is to give literally or figuratively.
^XLVI “sons” = ben. Same as “Israelites” in v2. See note XV above.
^XLVII “served” = abad. This is to work, serve, or compel. It can describe any kind of work or service (including religious devotion).  Also, till or cultivate. Used causatively, it can mean to enslave or keep in bondage.
^XLVIII “gods” = elohim. Related to “Israel” in v1. See note VI above.

^XLIX “did” = asah. This is to make, do, act, appoint, become in many senses.
^L “evil” = ra’. From ra’a’ (to be evil, bad, afflict; properly, to spoil – to destroy by breaking into pieces; figuratively, to cause something to be worthless; this is bad in a physical, social, or moral sense; that which displeases, to do harm or mischief, to punish or vex). This is bad, disagreeable, that which causes pain, misery, something having little or no value, something that is ethically bad, wicked, injury, calamity. This refers to anything that is not what it ought to be – a natural disaster, a disfigurement, an injury, a sin.
^LI “sight” = ayin. This is eye in a literal or figurative sense so eye, appearance, favor, or a fountain (the eye of the landscape).

^LII “forgetting” = shakach. This is to forget because of not remembering something or not paying attention to it. It can also mean to mislay.
^LIII “God” = Elohim. Same as “gods” in v6. See note XLVIII above.
^LIV “Baals” = Baal. Related to “Baal-hermon” in v3. See note XXVII above.
^LV “Asherahs” = Asherah. Perhaps from Ugaritic atrt (Athirat, Asherah, goddess who is wife of El) OR from Phoenician sattar (Astarte) OR from asher (to go straight). This is asherah – sacred pole or goddess Asherah or Astarte. It may mean “progression” or “happiness” or “fortuna.” See https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A9%D7%A8%D7%94#Hebrew & https://www.abarim-publications.com/Meaning/Asherah.html

^LVI “anger” = aph. From anaph (to be angry; properly, breathing hard as a signifier of being enraged). This properly refers to the nose or nostril and by extension the face. It can specifically refer to anger or wrath as one breathes hard and nostrils flare in times of great anger.
^LVII “kindled” = charah. Perhaps related to charar (to be hot, burn, glow, melt, be scorched; figuratively, to incite passion, be angry). This is to be displeased, burn with anger, glow, become warn. Figuratively it is a blaze of anger, zeal, or jealousy.
^LVIII “sold” = makar. This is to sell – could be commerce/trade, a daughter to be married, someone into slavery. Figuratively, it can mean to surrender.

^LIX “hand” = yad. Same as {untranslated} in v4. See note XXXV above.
^LX “King” = melek. From malak (to be or become king or queen, to rise to the throne, to be crowned; by implication, to take counsel). This is king or royal.
^LXI “Cushan-rishathaim” = Kushan Rishathayim. 4x in OT – all in this passage. From Kushan (Cushan); {from the same as Kush (Cush or his descendants; Ethiopia – a place south of the Nile Valley); perhaps from Egyptia k’sh (Cush)} + rishah (a moral wrong, wickedness, guilt); {from the same as rasha (wrong, particularly moral wrong; wickedness, evil, wicked deeds, or something ill-gotten); perhaps from rasha (to be wicked, guilty, make trouble, do wrong; can also be condemn, guilty, inflict punishment; this verb implies disturbing or violating)}. This is Cushan-rishathaim, a name meaning “Cushan of double wickedness.” See https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%A9#Hebrew

^LXII “Aram-naharaim” = Aram Naharayim. 5x in OT. From Aram (Aram, Syria, Mesopotamia – meaning elevated or citadel); {perhaps from ‘armon (any fortified building – castle, citadel, palace) OR from rum (to be high, rise, exalt self, extol, be haughty; to rise literally or figuratively)} + nahar (stream, river, or flood; particularly the Nile or Euphrates; figuratively, prosperity); from nahar (to flow, sparkle, be cheerful)}. This is “Aram of the Two Rivers,” a name for Mesopotamia referring to the Tigris and Euphrates. See https://www.abarim-publications.com/Meaning/Aram.html#.XqfDX8hKhPY
^LXIII “eight” = shemoneh. Perhaps from shamen (to shine, which implies being oily, growing fat); from shaman (to grow fat, shine, be oily). This is eight or eighth. It can refer to abundance as being more than 7, the number of sacred fullness.
^LXIV “years” = shanah. From shana (to change, alter). This is a year, age, old. It can also mean yearly.

^LXV “cried out” = zaaq. This is to cry or call out. It can be a call to assemble or gather together. By analogy, this could refer to a herald who announces a public gathering. It could also be a shriek from pain or danger.
^LXVI “raised up” = qum. To arise, stand, accomplish, establish, abide. This is rising as in rising against, getting up after being sick or asleep, arising from one state to another, becoming powerful, or rising for action. It can also be standing in a figurative sense.
^LXVII “deliverer” = yasha. To deliver, defend, help, preserve, rescue, be safe. Properly, to be open, wide or free, which implies being safe. Used causatively, it means to free.
^LXVIII “delivered” = yasha. Same as “deliverer” in v9. See note LXVII above.

^LXIX “Othniel” = Othniel. Related to “Israel” in v1 & “gods” in v6. 7x in OT. From Othni (Othni – a name that may come from a word meaning to force; the name may mean “forcible”); {from atham (to glow, burn, get dark; figuratively, be desolated)} + El (see note VI above). This is Othniel, a name that means “hero in Israel” or “force of God” or “lion of El.” See https://www.abarim-publications.com/Meaning/Othniel.html
^LXX “Kenaz” = Qenaz. 11x in OT. Perhaps from qanaz (to hunt, set a trap). This is Kenaz. It may mean “hunting” or “hunter.”
^LXXI “Caleb’s” = Kaleb. From the same as keleb (a dog, male prostitute; perhaps from a word meaning to yelp or attack). This is Caleb or Kaleb, meaning “dog” or “unsophisticated servant.” See https://www.abarim-publications.com/Meaning/Caleb.html

^LXXII “younger” = qatan. From quwt (grieved, cut off, to detest). This is least, small, young, little one. It is literally smaller whether in amount or size. Figuratively it is smaller in the sense of younger or less important.
^LXXIII “brother” = ach. This is brother, kindred, another, other, like. It is literally brother, but it can also be someone who is similar, resembling, or related to.
^LXXIV “spirit” = ruach. From ruach (smell, breathe, perceive, anticipate, accept, enjoy). This is breath, wind, air, cool, spirit. This is wind, which resembles the breath and so this can be used figuratively for life itself or being frail/mortal/impermanent. It can refer to the air of the sky or the spirit.
^LXXV “came” = hayah. Same as “were” in v4. See note XXIX above.

^LXXVI “judged” = shaphat. This is to judge, defend, pronounce judgment, condemn, or govern. It can refer to God judging or to human judges. This is pronouncing a verdict in favor or against so it implies consequences or punishment. It can also mean to litigate or govern as one with authority.
^LXXVII “went out” = yatsa. This is to go or come out, bring forth, appear. It is to go out in a literal or figurative sense.
^LXXVIII “Aram” = Aram. Related to “Aram-naharaim” in v8. See note LXII above.
^LXXIX “prevailed” = azaz. 12x in OT. This is to be strong, become fixed, be bold, prevail, be impudent. It means to be stout literally or figuratively.

^LXXX “land” = erets. Root may mean to be firm. This is earth, ground, field land, or country.
^LXXXI “had rest” = shaqat. This is to be quiet, rest, calm, settle, be still, peace.
^LXXXII “forty” = arbaim. From the same as arba (four); from raba (to make square or be four-sided); perhaps from raba (to lie down flat; can be to lie for mating). This is forty.
^LXXXIII “died” = mut. This is to die in a literal or figurative sense. It can also refer to being a dead body.

^LXXXIV “again” = yasaph. This is to add, increase, continue, exceed.
^LXXXV “strengthened” = chazaq. This is to strengthen, seize, be courageous, repair, bind, heal, conquer, harden.
^LXXXVI “Eglon” = Eglon. 13x in OT– 8x in Joshua & 5x in Judges. From egel (male calf as one that frisks about; often one that is almost grown up); may be from the same as agol (round, circular – root meaning revolve). This is Eglon, a name and a city that means “circular” or “calf” or “heifer-like.” See https://www.abarim-publications.com/Meaning/Eglon.html 
^LXXXVII “Moab” = Moab. Related to “ancestors” in v4. May be from ab (see note XXXIV above). This is Moab or Moabite. Name could mean “from her father” in reference to the incestuous relationship between Lot and his daughters. The name could also mean, more pleasantly, “seed of a father” or “desirable land.” See https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moab

^LXXXVIII “alliance” = asaph. This is to make, do, act, appoint, become in many senses.
^LXXXIX “Ammonites” = ben + Ammon. Literally “children of Ammon.” Ben is the same as “Israelites” in v2. See note XV above. Ammon is from im (with, against, before, beside); {perhaps from amam (to darken, hide, associate; creating shadows by huddling together)} OR from am (people, folk, nation; also troops or attendants; used figuratively for a flock); {from amam (see above)}. This is Ammon or Ammonite, a people name that may mean “tribal.”
^XC “Amalekites” = Amaleq. Perhaps from amal (to work – hard labor) OR from am (people or nation; a tribe, troops or armies, or figuratively to refer to a flock of animals); {from amam (to darken, hide, associate; creating shadows by huddling together)} + laqaq (to lap, lick) OR from am (see above) + malaq (to wring, nip; to remove a bird’s head). This is Amalek or Amalekite. It may mean “people that wring,” “people that lap,” “nippers,” or “lickers.” See https://www.abarim-publications.com/Meaning/Amalekite.html & https://www.abarim-publications.com/Meaning/Amalek.html

^XCI “went” = halak. This is go, come, walk. It is walk literally and figuratively and includes people and animals. It can be used figuratively for one’s moral life – how we walk according to God’s way or against it. It can also refer to the walk of life as in the course one’s life takes, the choices we make, etc.
^XCII “defeated” = nakah. This is to hit whether lightly or severely. It can be used in a literal or figurative sense. So, this could be beat, punish, give wounds, kill, or slaughter.
^XCIII “took possession” = yarash. This is inheriting or dispossessing. It refers to occupying or colonizing – taking territory by driving out the previous inhabitants and living there instead of them. By implication, it can mean to seize or rob, to expel, ruin, or impoverish.

^XCIV “city” = iyr. From uwr (to awaken or wake oneself up). This can mean excitement in the sense of wakefulness or city. Properly, this is a place that is guarded. Guards kept schedules according to watches. This sense of the word would include cities as well as encampments or posts that were guarded.
^XCV “palms” = tamar. 12x in OT. From the same as tomer (palm tree, the trunk of that tree, a post). The root may mean being erect. This is a date palm or other palm tree. This is also the root of Tamar’s name in the Bible.
^XCVI “eighteen” = shemoneh + asar. Shemoneh is the same as “eight” in v8. See note LXIII above. Asar is from the same as eser (ten). This is -teen or -teenth.

^XCVII “Ehud” = Ehud. 9x in OT. From the same as ohad (Ohad, root may mean unity). This is Ehud, meaning “united.”
^XCVIII “Gera” = Gera. 9x in OT. Perhaps from gerah (a kernel, a tiny weight, a unit of currency of that weight); from garar (to drag or drag off in a rough fashion, chew, sweep, destroy; to chew the cud). This is Gera, a name that means “grain.”
^XCIX “Benjaminite” = Ben yemini. Related to “Israelites” in v2 & “daughters” in v6. 9x in OT. From Binyamin (Benjamin; meaning “son of the right hand”; Jacob’s son, his descendants, and their territory); {from ben (see note XV above) + from yamin (right hand or side; that which is stronger or more agile; the south); {perhaps yamam (to go or choose the right, use the right hand; to be physically fit or firm)}}. This is one descended from the tribe of Benjamin.

^C “left-handed” = itter + yad + yamin. Literally, “impeded right hand.” Itter is 2x in OT – both in Judges. From atar (to surround or encircle to defend, protect, or attack; to crown in a literal or figurative sense). This is shut up or bound. Yad is the same as {untranslated} in v4. See note XXXV above. Yamin is related to “Benjaminite” in v15.See note XCIX above.
^CI “man” = ish. Related to “wives” in v6. See note XLIV above.
^CII “sent” = shalach. This is to send out, away, send for, forsake. It can also mean to divorce or set a slave free.
^CIII “tribute” = minchah. This is a gift or an offering, particularly a sacrificial one that is generally bloodless and given spontaneously (voluntarily).
^CIV {untranslated} = yad. Same as {untranslated} in v4. See note XXXV above.

^CV “made” = asah. Same as “did” in v7. See note XLIX above.
^CVI “sword” = chereb. From charab (to attack, slay). This is any sharp instrument like a sword, dagger, axe, or mattock.
^CVII “two” = shenayim. From sheni (double, again, another, second); from shanah (to fold, repeat, double, alter, or disguise). This is two, both, second, couple.
^CVIII “edges” = peh. 1x in OT. From the same as peh (mouth in a literal or figurative sense; literally, beak or jaws; figuratively, speech, commands, or promises); perhaps from pa’ah (to puff, scatter, cut in pieces). This is an edge.

^CIX “cubit” = gomed. 1x in OT. May come from a word that means grasp. It is a cubit as measured from one’s elbow to clenched knuckles.
^CX “length” = orek. From arak (to be long in a literal or figurative sense, to continue, defer, draw out). This is length, long, or forever.
^CXI “fastened” = chagar. This is to gird, bind, or arm. Generally, it is using a belt to gather up one’s garment so that it’s easier to run or move quickly.
^CXII “right” = yamin. Same as “left-handed” in v15. See note C above.
^CXIII “thigh” = yarek. Root may mean to be soft. This is thigh, side, body, shank. It can be used figuratively for genitalia.
^CXIV “under” = tachat. This is underneath, below, the bottom, instead of.
^CXV “clothes” = mad. 11x in OT. From madad (to measure, stretch, be extended, continue). This is measure, cloth, cloak, armor, stature, height.

^CXVI “presented” = qarab. Related to “among” in v5. See note XXXVII above.
^CXVII “very” = meod. Perhaps from the same as uwd (firebrand, a poker). This is very, greatly, exceedingly. It can also mean vehemence, force, abundance.
^CXVIII “fat” = bari. 14x in OT. From bara (to be fat); related to barah (to eat, choose, make clear). This is fat, firm, plenteous.
^CXIX “had” = hayah. Same as “were” in v4. See note XXIX above.
^CXX “finished” = kalah. This is to end, be finished, complete, prepare, consume, spent, or completely destroyed.

^CXXI “people” = am. Related to “Ammonites” in v13. See note LXXXIX above.
^CXXII “carried” = nasa. This is to lift in a broad sense, literally and figuratively. So it could be to carry, take, or arise. It could also be bring forth, advance, accept.
^CXXIII “sent…on their way” = shalach. Same as “sent” in v15. See note CII above.
^CXXIV “turned back” = shub. To turn back, return, turn away – literally or figuratively. Doesn’t necessarily imply going back to where you started from. This is also the root verb for the Hebrew word for repentance “teshubah.”
^CXXV “sculptured stones” = pasil. From pasal (to hew, carve; used for wood or stone). This is an idol or other image.
^CXXVI “Gilgal” = Gilgal. From galgal (wheel, wagon, whirl, whirlwind; something that rolls); from galal (to roll, roll away, wallow, commit, remove; rolling in a literal or figurative sense). This is Gilgal – perhaps circle of stones.

^CXXVII “said” = amar. Related to “Amorites” in v5. See note XXXIX above.
^CXXVIII “secret” = sether. From sathar (hide, conceal, or be absent; hiding because something is covered – used in a literal or figurative sense). This is covering, shelter, protection, hiding place. It can be hidden by a mountain, by clouds, in the womb, in a matter of secrecy, through slander, or of nations.
^CXXIX “message” = dabar. From dabar (to speak, declare, discuss). This is speech, a word, a matter, an affair, charge, command, message, promise, purpose, report, request. It is a word, which implies things that are spoken of in a wide sense.
^CXXX “silence” = has. 8x in OT. This is hush, still, hold peace, be quiet. It is an interjection that is likely an onomatopoeia.
^CXXXI “attendance” = amad. This is to stand up in a literal or figurative sense. So it can be establish, continue, endure, take a stand, act, be a servant, stand still, remain, stand against an enemy.

^CXXXII “came” = bo. Same as “Lebo-hamath” in v3. See note XXVIII above.
^CXXXIII “sitting” = yashab. Same as “lived” in v3. See note XXIV above.
^CXXXIV “alone” = bad. From badad (to divide or be separated; alone, solitary, lonely, isolated, straggler). This is apart, alone, separation, body part, tree branch, except. It can also be a city’s chief.
^CXXXV “cool” = meqerah. 2x in OT – both in this passage. From qar (cold, quiet, excellent); perhaps from qarar (being cold, remaining fresh). This is coolness or summer.
^CXXXVI “roof chamber” = aliyyah. 19x in OT. From alah (to go up, climb, approach, bring; to be high or actively climb; can be literal or figurative). This is a lofty place. So, it could be stairs, an upstairs room, or a chamber on the roof. It could also be an ascent or the sky.

^CXXXVII {untranslated} = Ehud. Same as “Ehud” in v15. See note XCVII above.
^CXXXVIII “rose” = qum. Same as “raised up” in v9. See note LXVI above.
^CXXXIX “seat” = kisse. From the same as kese (full moon); perhaps from kasah (to cover, conceal, overwhelm; to cover as clothes do or to hide a secret). This is throne – a seat that is covered or has a canopy. Thus, it is a seat that conveys authority.
^CXL “reached” = shalach. Same as “sent” in v15. See note CII above.
^CXLI “left” = semol. Perhaps from the same as simlah (mantle, clothes, wrapper); perhaps from semel (image, figure, likeness). This is left, left side, or north as the part that is dark.

^CXLII “thrust” = taqa. This is to clap, clatter, thrust, sound an instrument, hammer a nail, be a bondsman.
^CXLIII “belly” = beten. Root may mean to be hollow. This is the belly or womb. It can also refer to a body more broadly.
^CXLIV “hilt” = nitstsab. 1x in OT. From natsab (to station, appoint, establish, take a stand). This is fixed, which is to say haft or handle.
^CXLV “also” = gam. This is also, moreover, again.
^CXLVI “went in” = bo. Same as “Lebo-hamath” in v3. See note XXVIII above.

^CXLVII “after” = achar. From achar (to remain behind, linger, continue, be behind, or delay; can also imply procrastination). This is after or the last part, following.
^CXLVIII “blade” = lahab. 12x in OT. This is flame, flashing, bright. Figuratively, it can refer to a blade or the point of a spear.
^CXLIX “fat” = cheleb. This is fat, finest, marrow. It is fat in a literal or figurative sense. It refers to the richest or best part.
^CL “closed” = sagar. This is to shut up, imprison, lock, hand over, or figuratively surrender.
^CLI “over” = baad. Perhaps from ad (up to, while); from adah (to pass on, advance, decorate oneself). This is up to, behind, over, among.
^CLII “draw” = shalaph. This is to draw out, pluck off, grow up.

^CLIII “dirt” = parshedonah. 1x in OT. Perhaps from parash (to make distinct, separate, scatter; can also imply to wound) + parad (to divide, break through, scatter, sever, stretch, to spread oneself, or to be out of joint). It could refer to the crotch or anus. If that’s the case, it would be dirt or refuse.
^CLIV “came out” = yatsa. Same as “went out” in v10. See note LXXVII above.
^CLV “vestibule” = misderon. 1x in OT. From the same as seder (arrangement, order). This is a porch, colonnade, or portico.
^CLVI “doors” = delet. From dalah (to draw, lift up; properly, to dangle; draw water; figuratively, to deliver). This is something that swings like a door, gate, leaf, lid, or other opening.

^CLVII “on” = uph. This is to fly, flee, be weary. It can also mean to cloak with wings or darkness.
^CLVIII “locked” = naal. 8x in OT. This is properly to secure with a bar or cord. It is to lock, bolt, enclose, or to secure with a cord i.e. to put on a sandal.
^CLIX “gone” = yatsa. Same as “went out” in v10. See note LXXVII above.
^CLX “servants” = ebed. Related to “served” in v6. From abad (see note XLVII above). This is a servant, slave, or bondservant.
^CLXI “came” = bo. Same as “Lebo-hamath” in v3. See note XXVIII above.

^CLXII “saw” = raah. This is to see in a literal or figurative sense so stare, advise, think, view.
^CLXIII {untranslated} = hinneh. From hen (lo! Behold! If, though; an expression of surprise). This is to draw attention, show suddenness or surprise, or to emphasize the importance of the coming statement. See! Lo! Behold!
^CLXIV “thought” = amar. Same as “said” in v19. See note CXXVII above.
^CLXV “must” = ak. Related to aken (surely, truly, nevertheless); from kun (properly, in a perpendicular position; literally, to establish, fix, fasten, prepare; figuratively, it is certainty, to be firm, faithfulness, render sure or prosperous). This is a positive statement – surely, also, certainly, alone, only.
^CLXVI “relieving” = sakak + regel. Sakak is to cover or overshadow. It could also be to hedge or fence it. Figuratively, this could be to defend, protect, or join together. Regel is foot, endurance, or journey. It is a foot as the means of walking and so it implies a step or a greater journey. It can be used euphemistically for private parts.
^CLXVII “chamber” = cheder. From chadar (to surround or enclose; a room as enclosed; also, by analogy, besieging). This is a chamber or room that is private. Can mean the innermost chamber of a house.

^CLXVIII “waited” = chul. This is whirling around so dancing as in a circle or writhing in pain. It is used particularly for the pain of childbirth or from writhing due to fear. It can also be falling in pain or waiting.
^CLXIX “embarrassed” = bosh. Properly, this means to be pale, which implies shame, disappointment, or confusion.
^CLXX “still” = hinneh. Same as {untranslated} in v24. See note CLXIII above.
^CLXXI “not” = ayin. Perhaps from a word that means to be nothing. This means nothing, none, non-existent. It can also simply mean not or are not.
^CLXXII “open” = pathach. This is to open wide in a literal or figurative sense. So, it is open, draw out, let something go free, break forth. It can also mean to plow, engrave, or carve.

^CLXXIII “key” = maphteach. Related to “open” in v25. 2x in OT – 1x in Judges & 1x in Isaiah. From pathach (see note CLXXII above). This is an opener, which is to say, a key.
^CLXXIV “there” = hinneh. Same as {untranslated} in v24. See note CLXIII above.
^CLXXV “lord” = adon. From a root that means ruling or being sovereign. This is lord, master, or owner.
^CLXXVI “lying” = naphal. This is to fall, whether by accident, to fall prostrate, or to fall in violent death. Figuratively, it can refer to personal ruin or calamity, a city falling, an attack or a falling away. It can also be a deep sleep or wasting away.
^CLXXVII “floor” = erets. Same as “land” in v11. See note LXXX above.

^CLXXVIII “escaped” = malat. This is to be smooth, which implies to escape as slipping away from. It can also be release, rescue, deliver, or preserve. It can be used specifically to meaning giving birth or making sparks.
^CLXXIX “delayed” = mahah. 9x in OT. Perhaps from mah (what, how long). This is to delay, question, linger, be reluctant.
^CLXXX “passed beyond” = abar. This is to pass over or cross over. It is used for transitions, whether literal or figurative. It can also mean to escape, alienate, or fail. This is the root verb from which “Hebrew” is drawn.
^CLXXXI “Seirah” = Seirah. 1x in OT. From the same as sear (hair, hairy, rough); {perhaps from sa’ar (to storm, scattered by a storm, blow away, rage, storm tossed; this is to toss in a literal or figurative sense)} OR from seirah (female goat); {from sair (male goat); from the same as sear (see above)}. This is Seirah, a city whose name may mean “goat” or “roughness” or “bristly” or “rough.” See https://www.abarim-publications.com/Meaning/Seirah.html

^CLXXXII {untranslated} = hayah. Same as “were” in v4. See note XXIX above.
^CLXXXIII “arrived” = bo. Same as “Lebo-hamath” in v3. See note XXVIII above.
^CLXXXIV “sounded” = taqa. Same as “thrust” in v21. See note CXLII above.
^CLXXXV “trumpet” = shophar. From shaphar (being beautiful or lovely). This is a ram’s horn, trumpet, or cornet. A shofar is still blown at Jewish festivals such as Rosh Hashanah (the Jewish new year celebration).

^CLXXXVI “hill country” = har. Same as “Mount” in v3. See note XXV above.
^CLXXXVII “Ephraim” = Ephrayim. From the same as epher (ashes or dust – properly something strewn) OR from parah (to grow, increase, be fruitful in a literal or figurative sense). This is Ephraim, one of Joseph’s sons, his descendants, and their land.
^CLXXXVIII “went down” = yarad. This is to go down, descend; going down in a literal or figurative sense. It can be going to the shore or a boundary, bringing down an enemy.
^CLXXXIX “head” = paneh. Same as {untranslated} in v2. See note XVII above.

^CXC “follow” = radaph. This is to chase after, pursue, hunt, or persecute. It is running after someone or something, generally with hostile motives.
^CXCI “enemies” = oyeb. From ayab (to hate or be hostile to). This is a foe or enemy as one that you are hostile to.
^CXCII “seized” = lakad. This is to capture, seize, or imprison. It is to catch something in a snare or net or trap. It can also mean to occupy of select something by casting lots.
^CXCIII “fords” = maabar. Related to “passed beyond” in v26. 11x in OT. From abar (see note CLXXX above). This is a ford or place to cross, whether a river or mountain pass. It can also be transit.

^CXCIV “Jordan” = Yarden. From yarad (to go down, descend; going down in a literal or figurative sense; going to the shore or a boundary, bringing down an enemy). This is the Jordan River, meaning “descending.”
^CXCV “allowed” = natan. Same as “gave” in v6. See note XLV above.
^CXCVI “one” = ish. Same as “man” in v15. See note CI above.
^CXCVII “cross over” = abar. Same as “passed beyond” in v26. See note CLXXX above.

^CXCVIII “time” = eth. Probably from anah (to answer, sing, announce); from ad (forever, all, old); from adah (to pass on, advance, decorate oneself). This is a period or season. It can also mean whenever or continually.
^CXCIX “killed” = nakah. Same as “defeated” in v13. See note XCII above.
^CC “ten” = eser. Related to “eighteen” in v14. See note XCVI above.
^CCI “thousand” = eleph. Perhaps from the same as eleph (herd, cattle); from alaph (to learn, speak, associate with). This is thousand.

^CCII “strong” = shamen. Related to “eight” in v8. 10x in OT. From shamen (see note LXIII above). This is fat, plenteous, rich, greasy, roust, lusty. It refers to rich food, fertile land, and strong people.
^CCIII “able-bodied” = kol…chayil. Kol is the same as “all” in v1. See note V above. Chayil is from chul (to be firm, strong, prosperous; to endure). This is strength, wealth, ability, activity. It can refer to soldier or a company of soldiers as well as goods. It is a force of people, means, or goods. It can speak of valor, virtue, or strength.
^CCIV “subdued” = kana. Related to “Canaan” in v1 & “Canaanites” in v3. See note X above.
^CCV “day” = yom. Root may mean being hot. This is the day in a literal or figurative sense. It can also mean birth, age, daylight, continually or other references to time.
^CCVI “eighty” = shemonim. Related to “eight” in v8 & “strong” in v29. From the same as shemoneh (see note LXIII above). This is eighty.

^CCVII “came” = hayah. Same as “were” in v4. See note XXIX above.
^CCVIII “Shamgar” = Shamgar. 2x in OT – both in Judges. Perhaps from Hurrian (Shamgar, meaning “Shimigi has given”); {from Hurrian Shimig (a god) + ar (to give)}. This is Shamgar, which may mean “Shimigi has given.” See https://library.biblicalarchaeology.org/article/the-name-game/#:~:text=The%20final%20element%20%E2%80%9Car%E2%80%9D%20in,the%20child%20to%20the%20mother.
^CCIX “Anath” = Anath. 2x in OT – both in Judges. Perhaps related to anah (to answer, respond, announce, sing, shout, or testify; to pay attention, which implies responding and, by extension, starting to talk; singing, shouting, testifying, etc.). This is Anath, which may mean “answer.”

^CCX “six” = shesh. This is six. Figuratively, it can be a surplus since it is one more than the number of fingers on the hand.
^CCXI “hundred” = meah. This is hundred or some number times one hundred (i.e. hundredfold or the base of two hundred, three hundred, etc.).
^CCXII {untranslated} = ish. Same as “man” in v15. See note CI above.
^CCXIII “oxgoad” = malmad + baqar. Malmad is related to “teach” in v2. From lamad (see note XVI above). This is a goad. Baqar is from baqar (to plow, break forth; figuratively, to inquire, inspect, consider). This is cattle – an animal used for plowing.
^CCXIV “too” = gam. Same as “also” in v22. See note CXLV above.