1 Samuel 27

^I “David” = David. From the same as dod (beloved, love, uncle); the root may mean to boil, which is used figuratively to describe love. So, this implies someone you love such as a friend, a lover, or a close family member like an uncle. David’s name likely means something like “beloved one.”
^II “said” = amar. This is to speak, say, answer, command, promise, report.
^III “heart” = leb. From the same as lebab (the heart, courage, one’s inner self, the mind, the will; only used in a figurative sense in the Bible); may be related to labab (to encourage; properly, to be encased as with fat; used in a good sense, this means to transport someone with love; used in a bad sense, it can mean to dull one’s senses).. This is inner self, mind, will, feelings, the center.

^IV “certainly” = attah. Perhaps from et (a period or season; whenever or continually); probably from anah (to answer, sing, announce); from ad (forever, all, old); from adah (to pass on, advance, decorate oneself). This is now, from now on.
^V “perish” = saphah. This is to capture, sweep away, scrape, remove, heap up, scatter, ruin, or perish.
^VI “one” = echad. Perhaps from achad (to unify, continue on a path; figuratively, to gather one’s thoughts). This is the number one, first, united. It can also be alone, altogether, a certain, a few.
^VII “day” = yom. Root may mean being hot. This is the day in a literal or figurative sense. It can also mean birth, age, daylight, continually or other references to time.

^VIII “hand” = yad. This is hand, ability, power. Hand in a literal sense, but also what one can do or the means by which one does it.
^IX “Saul” = Shaul. From shaal (to ask, inquire, beg, borrow, desire, request; can also mean demand). This is Saul or Shaul, meaning “asked of the Lord.”
^X “nothing” = ayin. Perhaps from a word that means to be nothing. This means nothing, none, non-existent. It can also simply mean not or are not.
^XI “better” = tob. From tob (to be pleasing, to be good). This is good, beautiful, pleasant, agreeable, bountiful, at ease. This word is used for goodness as a concept, a good thing, a good person. This can refer to prosperity and welfare as well as joy, kindness, sweetness, and graciousness. So, this is ethically good, but also enjoyably good.

^XII “escape” = malat + malat. This is to be smooth, which implies to escape as slipping away from. It can also be release, rescue, deliver, or preserve. It can be used specifically to meaning giving birth or making sparks. The word is repeated twice – the first time as an Infinitive Absolute. The Infinitive Absolute serves to emphasize the sentiment of the word. It is rather like Foghorn Leghorn’s speech pattern, “I said, I said.”
^XIII “land” = erets. Root may mean to be firm. This is earth, ground, field land, or country.
^XIV “Philistines” = Pelishti. From Pelesheth (Philistia); from palash (to mourn, wallow, maybe roll in). This is Philistines. Their name may mean “griever” or “burrower” or “weakener.” See https://www.abarim-publications.com/Meaning/Philistine.html.

^XV “despair” = yaash. 6x in OT. This is to be desperate, be of no use, be hopeless.
^XVI “seeking” = baqash. This is to seek, ask, desire, or request. It can be any kind of searching. It can also mean to worship or pray – implies a striving for.
^XVII “any” = kol. From kalal (to complete). This is all or every.

^XVIII “longer” = od. From ud (to admonish, repeat, duplicate, testify, restore, record, relieve). This is still, yet, again, more.
^XIX “borders” = gebul. Perhaps from gabal (to border, twist like rope). This is boundary, limit, coast, space. Properly, it is a line that is twisted, which implies a boundary and, by extension, the boundaries of a territory or other enclosed space.
^XX “Israel” = Yisrael. From sarah (to persist, exert oneself, contend, persevere, wrestle, prevail) + El (God or god). This is Israel, meaning God strives or one who strives with God; new name for Jacob and for his offspring. This refers to the people and to the land.

^XXI “set out” = qum. To arise, stand, accomplish, establish, abide. This is rising as in rising against, getting up after being sick or asleep, arising from one state to another, becoming powerful, or rising for action. It can also be standing in a figurative sense.
^XXII “went over” = abar. This is to pass over or cross over. It is used for transitions, whether literal or figurative. It can also mean to escape, alienate, or fail. This is the root verb from which “Hebrew” is drawn.
^XXIII “six” = shesh. This is six. Figuratively, it can be a surplus since it is one more than the number of fingers on the hand.
^XXIV “hundred” = meah. This is hundred or some number times one hundred (i.e. hundredfold or the base of two hundred, three hundred, etc.).

^XXV “men” = ish. Perhaps from enosh (human, humankind, mortal); from anash (to be weak, sick, or frail). This is man, husband, another, or humankind.
^XXVI “King” = melek. From malak (to be or become king or queen, to rise to the throne, to be crowned; by implication, to take counsel). This is king or royal.
^XXVII “Achish” = Akish. This is Achish or Akish. It may mean “he was afraid” or “majestic” or “angry” or “gift of God.” See https://www.abarim-publications.com/Meaning/Achish.html

^XXVIII “son” = ben. From banah (to build or obtain children). This is son, age, child. It is son in a literal or figurative sense.
^XXIX “Maoch” = Maok. 1x in OT. From maak (to pierce, squeeze, stick, handle). This is Maoch, meaning “oppressed.”
^XXX “Gath” = Gath. From the same as gath (wine press); {perhaps from nagan (to strike a stringed instrument, to pluck or play it)}. This is Gath, a Philistine city whose name means “wine press.” It shares a root with “Gethsemane.”

^XXXI “stayed” = yashab. This is to sit and so to remain and so to dwell. It is sitting for any reason – as a judge, in order to ambush, or just sitting quietly. Causatively, this can mean settling or marrying. This can also mean continue, endure, or establish.
^XXXII “troops” = ish. Same as “men” in v2. See note XXV above.
^XXXIII “household” = bayit. Related to “son” in v2. Probably from banah (see note XXVIII above). This is house, court, family, palace, temple.

^XXXIV “two” = shenayim. From sheni (double, again, another, second); from shanah (to fold, repeat, double, alter, or disguise). This is two, both, second, couple.
^XXXV “wives” = ishshah. Related to “men” in v2. From ish (see note XXV above). This is woman, wife, or female.
^XXXVI “Ahinoam” = Achinoam. 7x in OT. From ach (brother, kindred, another, other, like) + noam (pleasantness, beauty, favor, agreeableness, delight, splendor, or grace); {from naem (to be pleasant, beautiful, sweet, or agreeable in a literal or figurative sense)}. This is Achinoam or Ahinoam, meaning “my brother is delight” or “brother of pleasantness” or “kindred to sweetness” or “brother of grace” or “a delightful ally.” See https://www.abarim-publications.com/Meaning/Ahinoam.html
^XXXVII “Jezreel” = Yizreelith. Related to “Israel” in v1. 5x in OT. From Yizreeli (Jezreelite); from Yizreel (Jezreel, Yizreel; “God sows” or “God will sow”); {from zara (to sow or scatter seed; conceive or yield) + El (see note XX above)}. This is a woman who comes from Jezreel.

^XXXVIII “Abigail” = Abigayil. 17x in OT. From ab (father, ancestor, grandfather; father in a literal or figurative sense) + gil (circle, rejoicing, or age); {from gil (properly, twirling around because of a strong feeling – whether of rejoicing or from fear; to rejoice, be glad or joyful, to cry)}. This is Abigail, meaning “my father is joy” or “the father is joyful” or “father of exultation” or “source of joy.” See https://www.abarim-publications.com/Meaning/Abigail.html
^XXXIX “Carmel” = Karmelith. 2x in OT. From Karmeli (Carmelite); from Karmel (Carmel; “fruitful plentiful field” or “plantation” or “orchard” or “garden”)); from the same as kerem (vineyard, garden, vines, or a vintage). This is a woman from Karmel.
^XL “Nabal’s” = Nabal. From nabal (to be foolish, senseless, fall away, faint, wither, to be wicked, disgrace). This is Nabal, meaning “dolt.”
^XLI “widow” = ishshah. Same as “wives” in v3. See note XXXV above.

^XLII “told” = nagad. This is to declare, make conspicuous, stand in front, manifest, predict, explain.
^XLIII “fled” = barach. This is to flee, drive away, hurry, to bolt.
^XLIV “longer” = yasaph + od. Yasaph is to add, increase, continue, exceed. Od is the same as “longer” in v1. See note XVIII above.

^XLV {untranslated} = na. This particle is used for requests or for urging. It can be we pray, now, I ask you, oh. This is the same “na” in “hosanna.”
^XLVI “found” = matsa. This is to find, catch or acquire. It can also mean to come forth or appear. Figuratively, this can mean to meet or be together with.
^XLVII “favor” = chen. From chanan (beseech, show favor, be gracious; properly, to bend in kindness to someone with less status). This is grace, favor, kindness, beauty, precious.
^XLVIII “sight” = ayin. This is eye in a literal or figurative sense so eye, appearance, favor, or a fountain (the eye of the landscape).

^XLIX “place” = maqom. Related to “set out” in v2. From qum (see note XXI above). This is a standing, which is to say a spot or space a place. It can also refer to a locality or a physical/mental condition. HaMaqom is also a Jewish name for God – the place, i.e. the Omnipresent One.
^L “given” = natan. This is to give, put, set, offer. It is to give literally or figuratively.
^LI “country” = sadeh. From the same as shadday (almighty, field, land); from shadad (to devastate, ruin, destroy, oppress, be powerful). Or, it may be from a word that means to spread out. This is field, ground, soil, or land. It can be used to mean wild as in a wild animal.
^LII “towns” = iyr. From uwr (to awaken or wake oneself up). This can mean excitement in the sense of wakefulness or city. Properly, this is a place that is guarded. Guards kept schedules according to watches. This sense of the word would include cities as well as encampments or posts that were guarded.

^LIII “live” = yashab. Same as “stayed” in v3. See note XXXI above.
^LIV “servant” = ebed. From abad (to work, serve, compel; any kind of work; used causatively, can mean to enslave or keep in bondage). This is a servant, slave, or bondservant.
^LV “royal” = mamlakah. Related to “King” in v2. From the same as melek (see note XXVI above). This is kingdom, dominion, sovereignty, rule. It can also refer to the realm.
^LVI “city” = iyr. Same as “towns” in v5. See note LII above.

^LVII “Ziklag” = Tsiqelag. 15x in OT. Perhaps from tsuq (“to smelt copper”) + log (pint). This is Ziklag, a city whose name may mean “a pint of liquid metal,” “winding,” or “outflowing of a fountain.” See https://www.abarim-publications.com/Meaning/Ziklag.html
^LVIII “therefore” = ken. Perhaps from kun (properly, in a perpendicular position; literally, to establish, fix, fasten, prepare; figuratively, it is certainty, to be firm, faithfulness, render sure or prosperous). This is to set upright. Generally used figuratively to mean thus, so, afterwards, rightly so.
^LIX “belonged” = hayah. This is to be or become, to happen.
^LX “Judah” = Yehudah. Probably from yadah (to throw one’s hands into the air in a gesture of praise); from yad (hand). This is Judah, meaning “praised.”

^LXI {untranslated} = hayah. Same as “belonged” in v6. See note LIX above.
^LXII “length” = mispar. From the same as sepher (writing itself or something that is written like a document, book, letter, evidence, bill, scroll, or register); from saphar (to tally or record something; to enumerate, recount, number, celebrate, or declare). This is a number, whether definite or symbolic – could be innumerable, few, abundance. It can also be a tally or account – or a narration.
^LXIII “time” = yom. Same as “day” in v1. See note VII above.

^LXIV “one year” = yom. Same as “day” in v1. See note VII above.
^LXV “four” = arba. From raba (to make square or be four-sided). This is four.
^LXVI “months” = chodesh. From chadash (to renew, repair). This refers to a new moon. It can also mean monthly.
^LXVII “men” = enosh. Related to “men” in v2 & “wives” in v3. See note XXV above.
^LXVIII “went up” = alah. This is to go up, approach, ascend, be high, be a priority; to arise in a literal or figurative sense.

^LXIX “made raids” = pashat. This is to raid or invade. Figuratively, it means to strip or plunder.
^LXX “Geshurites” = Geshuri. 6x in OT. From Geshur (Geshur or Geshurite; “bridge”). This is Geshurite, a person from Geshur.
^LXXI “Girzites” = Gizri. 1x in OT. From Girzi (a Girzite); from Gerizim (Gerizim, “rocky”); from garaz (to cut, cut off). This is Girzites or Gezrite, referring to a member of that tribe.
^LXXII “Amalekites” = Amaleqi. 12x in OT. From Amaleq (Amalek or Amalekites;  the person and their descendants); perhaps from amal (to work – hard labor) OR from am (people or nation; a tribe, troops or armies, or figuratively to refer to a flock of animals); {from amam (to darken, hide, associate; creating shadows by huddling together)} + laqaq (to lap, lick) OR from am (see above) + malaq (to wring, nip; to remove a bird’s head). This is Amalekite, perhaps meaning “people that wring,” “people that lap,” “nippers,” or “lickers.” See https://www.abarim-publications.com/Meaning/Amalekite.html & https://www.abarim-publications.com/Meaning/Amalek.html

^LXXIII “settlements” = yashab. Same as “stayed” in v3. See note XXXI above.
^LXXIV “from Telam” OR “from of old.” Olam is a long scope of time whether in the past (antiquity, ancient time) or in the future (eternal, everlasting).
^LXXV “on the way to” = bo. This is to enter, come in, advance, fulfill, bring offerings, enter to worship, attack. It can also have a sexual connotation.
^LXXVI “Shur” = Shur. 6x in OT. Perhaps from shur (to travel, turn, journey; travelling like a prostitute or a merchant) OR from shur (to excite, to rise up). This is Shur, a desert place in eastern Egypt. It may mean “wall,” “bull,” or “fortification.”  See https://www.abarim-publications.com/Meaning/Shur.html 
^LXXVII “Egypt” = Mitsrayim. Perhaps from matsor (besieged or fortified place, bulwark, entrenchment; something hemmed in; a siege or distress or fastness); from tsur (to confine, besiege, to cramp). This is Egypt.

^LXXVIII “struck” = nakah. This is to hit whether lightly or severely. It can be used in a literal or figurative sense. So, this could be beat, punish, give wounds, kill, or slaughter.
^LXXIX “man” = ish. Same as “men” in v2. See note XXV above.
^LXXX “woman” = ishshah. Same as “wives” in v3. See note XXXV above.
^LXXXI “leaving…alive” = chayah. This is to live or keep alive in a literal or figurative sense. So, it can be revive, nourish, or save.

^LXXXII “took away” = laqach. This is to take, accept, carry away, receive. It can also have the sense of take a wife or take in marriage.
^LXXXIII “sheep” = tson. This is a flock of sheep and goats.
^LXXXIV “oxen” = baqar. From baqar (to plow, break forth; figuratively, to inquire, inspect, consider). This is cattle – an animal used for plowing.
^LXXXV “donkeys” = chamor. From chamar (to be red, blush). This is a male donkey.

^LXXXVI “camels” = gamal. From gamal (how one deals with someone whether positively or negatively – so to reward, requite; to wean or the work that goes into something ripening). This is a camel as an animal of labor or one that bears burdens. The English word “camel” is from a Semitic source, perhaps Hebrew or others.
^LXXXVII “clothing” = beged. From bagad (to cover or conceal; figuratively, to act in a covert or treacherous way, to transgress or pillage). This is clothing, garment, robe, or some other kind of clothing. Figuratively, it can be treachery or pillaging.
^LXXXVIII “came back” = shub + bo. Shub is to turn back, return, turn away – literally or figuratively. Doesn’t necessarily imply going back to where you started from. This is also the root verb for the Hebrew word for repentance “teshubah.” Bo is the same as “on the way to” in v8. See note LXXV above.

^LXXXIX “asked” = amar. Same as “said” in v1. See note II above.
^XC “today” = yom. Same as “day” in v1. See note VII above.
^XCI “Negeb” = Negeb. Root may mean to be parched. The Negeb is the south country – sometimes used to refer to Egypt. This is a land that suffers from a lot of drought.
^XCII “Jerahmeelites” = Yerachmeeli. Related to “Israel” in v1 & “Jezreel” in v3. 2x in OT. From Yerachmeel (Jerahmeel; “may God have compassion” or “God will be compassionate” or “he will obtain mercy of God”); {from racham (to love, have compassion, have mercy); {from racham (compassion, tender love, womb, compassion; the womb as that which cherishes the fetus); from the same as rechem (womb)} + El (see note XX above)}. This is Jarehmeelite – someone who is descended from Jerahmeel. See https://www.abarim-publications.com/Meaning/Jerahmeel.html
^XCIII “Kenites” = Qeni. 13x in OT. From Qayin (Cain, the name or Kenite – the people or their territory; meaning “spear,” “smith,” “acquisition,” or “political leader.”); from the same as qayin (spear); from qun (to chant a lament, to play a musical note). This is Kenite. It may mean “nestling,” “people of the spear,” or “senatorial.” See https://www.abarim-publications.com/Meaning/Cain.html & https://www.abarim-publications.com/Meaning/Kenite.html

^XCIV “man” = ish. Same as “men” in v2. See note XXV above.
^XCV “brought back” = bo. Same as “on the way to” in v8. See note LXXV above.
^XCVI “thinking” = amar. Same as “said” in v1. See note II above.
^XCVII {untranslated} = pen. Perhaps from panah (to turn, face, appear). This is lest, if, or.
^XCVIII “done” = asah. This is to make, do, act, appoint, become in many senses.
^XCIX “so and so” = koh. Perhaps from ki (that, for when, certainly) + hu (he, she, it). This is like this, thus, here, now.

^C “such” = koh. Same as “so and so” in v11. See note XCIX above.
^CI “practice” = mishpat. From shaphat (to judge, defend, pronounce judgment, condemn, govern). This is a verdict or formal sentence whether from humans or from God. It includes the act of judging as well as the place that judging takes place, the suit itself, and the penalty. Abstractly, this is justice, which includes the rights of the participants.
^CII “all” = kol. Same as “any” in v1. See note XVII above.

^CIII “trusted” = aman. This is to believe, endure, fulfill, confirm, support, be faithful. It is to put one’s trust in, be steadfast. Figuratively, this is to be firm, steadfast, or faithful, trusting, believing, being permanent, morally solid. This is where the word “amen” comes from.
^CIV “made…utterly abhorrent” = baash + baash. 18x in OT. This is to stink or be foul. Figuratively, it can refer to offensive behavior – morally odious or loathsome. The word is repeated twice – the first time as an Infinitive Absolute. The Infinitive Absolute serves to emphasize the sentiment of the word. It is rather like Foghorn Leghorn’s speech pattern, “I said, I said.”
^CV “people” = am. From amam (to darken, hide, associate; creating shadows by huddling together). This is people or nation. It can be used specifically for a tribe, collectively of troops or armies, or figuratively to refer to a flock of animals.
^CVI “always” = olam. Same as “Telam” in v8. See note LXXIV above.
^CVII “be” = hayah. Same as “belonged” in v6. See note LIX above.