Romans 14:1-12

^I “welcome” = proslambano. 12x in NT. From pros (at, to, toward, with) + lambano (active acceptance/taking of what is available or what has been offered; emphasizes the choice and action of the individual). This is to take aside, accept, receive, or welcome. It can be to take in a friendly or hospitable sense or to eat (i.e. take food).
^II “weak” = astheneo. From asthenes (not having strength or weak in a moral sense; sick); {from a (not) + sthenes (strong, vigor); {from the base of sthenoo (to strengthen so that one can be mobile); from sthenos (strength)}}. This is sick, feeble, languishing, impotent. Can also refer to moral weakness.
^III “faith” = pistis. From peitho (to have confidence, urge, be persuaded, agree, assure, believe, have confidence, trust). This is less about knowing, believing, and repeating a list of doctrines then it is about trusting God. Faith means listening to God and seeking to live a holy life even (and especially) when we don’t understand how everything works or fits together. Faith is about being faithful (trusting and doing) rather than being all knowing.

^IV “quarreling” = diakrisis. 3x in NT. From diakrino (to judge, separate, contend, investigate, thoroughly judge); {from dia (through, across to the other side, thoroughly) + krino (to judge, decide, think good, condemn, determine, pass judgment, stand trial, sue; judging whether in court or in a private setting; properly, mentally separating or distinguishing an issue – to come to a choice or decision, to judge positively or negatively in seeking what is right or wrong, who is innocent or guilty; can imply trying, condemning, punishing, or avenging)}. This is discernment, passing judgment, or deciding.
^V “opinions” = dialogismos. 14x in NT. From dialogizomai (to consider, have a back and forth debate with an uncertain conclusion; multiple confused minds reinforcing a faulty conclusion); {from dia (through, because of, across, thoroughly) + logizmai (to compute or reckon up, to count; figuratively, it is coming to a conclusion or decision using logic; taking an inventory in a literal or figurative sense); {from logos (word, statement, speech, analogy; here, word as an account or accounting; can also be a word that carries an idea or expresses a thought, a saying; a person with a message or reasoning laid out in words; by implication, a topic, line of reasoning, or a motive; can be used for a divine utterance or as Word – Christ); from lego (to speak, tell, mention)}. This is reasoning, plotting, argument, discussion that reinforces faulty reasoning, debate.
^VI {untranslated} = men. This is truly, indeed, even, in fact. Often, it is not translated, but used to emphasize affirmation.
^VII “believe” = pisteuo. Related to “faith” in v1. From pistis (see note III above). This is to believe, entrust, have faith it, affirm, have confidence in. This is less to do with a series of beliefs or doctrines that one believes and more to do with faithfulness, loyalty, and fidelity. It is trusting and then acting based on that trust.

^VIII “eating” = phago. This is to eat or figuratively to consume like rust does.
^IX “anything” = pas. This is all or every.
^X “eat” = esthio. This is to eat or figuratively to devour or consume like rust.
^XI “vegetables” = lachanon. 4x in NT. From lachaino (to dig). This is a vegetable, herb, or other plant in a garden.
^XII “eat” = esthio. Same as “eat” in v2. See note X above.
^XIII “despise” = exoutheneo. 11x in NT. From ek (from, from out of) + oudeis (no one, none, nothing; ruling out absolutely); {from oude (and not, neither, not even) {from ou (not, no) + de (but, and, now, indeed)} + heis (one, first, alone)}. Properly, this is casting someone or something out as nothing, consider someone or something nothing – of no account. This would be to treat someone with utter contempt or to ignore them.

^XIV “abstain” = me + esthio. Literally, “not eating.” Esthio is the same as “eat” in v2. See note X above.
^XV “pass judgment” = krino. Related to “quarreling” in v1. See note IV above.
^XVI “eat” = esthio. Same as “eat” in v2. See note X above.
^XVII “God” = Theos. From Proto-Indo-European origins, meaning do, put, place. This is God or a god in general.

^XVIII “are” = eimi. This is to be, exist.
^XIX “slaves” = oiketes. 5x in NT. From oikeo (to settle or be established somewhere in a permanent way, to make a home or live at home); from oikos (house – the building, the household, the family, descendants; the temple). This is a servant working in a house.
^XX “another” = allotrios. 14x in NT. From allos (other, different, another; this is one more of the same kind or a similar type). This is something or someone that belongs to others. By extension, this is another, stranger, foreign, or foreigner.

^XXI “own” = idios. This is something that belongs to you or that is personal, private, apart. It indicates a stronger sense of possession than a simple possessive pronoun. This is where “idiot” comes from (denoting someone who hasn’t had formal training or education and so they rely on their own understanding).
^XXII “lord” = kurios. From kuros (authority, supremacy). This is a respectful address meaning master or sir. It refers to one who has control or power greater than one’s own. So, it was also applied to God and Jesus as Master or Lord.
^XXIII “stand” = steko. 11x in NT. From histemi (to stand, place, establish, appoint, stand ready, be steadfast). This is to stand fast or be stationary. Figuratively, it can mean to persevere.
^XXIV “fall” = pipto. This is to fall literally or figuratively.

^XXV “upheld” = histemi. Related to “stand” in v4. See note XXIII above.
^XXVI “Lord” = Kurios. Same as “lord” in v4. See note XXII above.
^XXVII “is able” = dunateo. 3x in NT – 1x in Romans & 2x in 2 Corinthians. From dunatos (mighty or powerful; ability of persons, possibility of things; what can be given the power or ability that the subject exhibits); from dunamai (to be able, have power or ability). This is being able or powerful. It is the same root as the Greek word for “miracle.”
^XXVIII “stand” = histemi. Same as “upheld” in v4. See note XXV above.

^XXIX {untranslated} = men. Same as {untranslated} in v2. See note VI above.
^XXX “judge” = krino. Same as “pass judgment” in v3. See note XV above.
^XXXI “day” = hemera. Perhaps from hemai (to sit). This is day, time, or daybreak.
^XXXII “another” = hemera. Same as “day” in v5. See note XXXI above.
^XXXIII “all” = pas. Same as “anything” in v2. See note IX above.

^XXXIV “all” = hekastos. Perhaps from hekas (separate). This is each one, any, every. It is every individual as a distinct entity as opposed to those counted as a group in small sets.
^XXXV “be fully convinced” = plerophoreo. 6x in NT. From pleres (to be full, complete, abounding in, or occupied with); {from pletho (to fill, accomplish, supply; to fill to maximum capacity)} + phoreo (to bear constantly or habitually or repeatedly; it can mean to wear or carry a burden); {from phero (to bear, bring, lead, make known publicly; to carry in a literal or figurative sense)}. This is to fulfills, fully convince, satisfy, accomplish, fully assure. It can be to fully convince by using evidence or to make full.
^XXXVI “minds” = nous. From noos (mind) OR from the same as ginosko (to know, recognize, realize, perceive, learn; gaining knowledge through personal experience). This is mind, understanding, reasoning faculty, intellect, capacity to reflect. It can refer to God’s mind or human minds – thoughts, feelings, will, or reflective thinking.

^XXXVII “observe” = phroneo. From phren (diaphragm, heart, intellect, understanding; figurative for personal opinion or inner mindset; thought regulating action; sympathy, feelings, cognition); perhaps from phrao (to rein in or curb). This is to think, judge, use one’s mind, have an opinion, shape one’s opinion through action.
^XXXVIII Some manuscripts add, “not observing the day to the Lord not observing” = me + phroneo + ho + hemera + kurios + ou + phroneo. Phroneo is the same as “observe” in v6. See note XXXVII above. Hemera is the same as “day” in v5. See note XXXI above. Kurios is the same as “lord” in v4. See note XXII above.
^XXXIX “eat” = esthio. Same as “eat” in v2. See note X above.

^XL “eat” = esthio. Same as “eat” in v2. See note X above.
^XLI “give thanks” = eucharisteo. From eu (good, well, well done, rightly) + charis (grace, kindness, favor, gratitude, thanks; being inclined to or favorable towards – leaning towards someone to share some good or benefit; literal, figurative, or spiritual; grace as abstract concept, manner, or action); {from chairo (to rejoice, be glad; used to say hello; properly, delighting in the grace of God or experiencing God’s favor); from char– (to extend favor, lean towards, be inclined to be favorable towards)}. This is giving thanks, being thankful. It is a recognition that God’s grace is good and actively showing gratitude. It can also be used for saying grace before eating. This is where “eucharist” comes from.
^XLII “live” = zao. This is to live literally or figuratively. It is used for life including the vitality of humans, plants, and animals – it is life physical and spiritual and life everlasting.
^XLIII “die” = apothnesko. From apo (from, away from) + thnesko (to die, be dead). This is to die off. It is death with an emphasis on the way that death separates. It can also mean to wither or decay.

^XLIV “Christ” = Christos. From chrio (consecrate by anointing with oil; often done for prophets, priests, or kings). Literally, the anointed one, Christ. The Greek word for Messiah.
^XLV “lived again” = zao. Same as “live” in v7. See note XLII above.
^XLVI “be Lord” = kurieuo. Related to “lord” in v4. 7x in NT. From kurios (see note XXII above). This is to be lord of, rule, lord over.
^XLVII “dead” = nekros. Perhaps from nekus (corpse). This is dead or lifeless, mortal, corpse. It can also be used figuratively for powerless or ineffective. It is where the word “necrotic” comes from.

^XLVIII “brother” = adelphos. From a (with, community, fellowship) + delphus (womb). This is a brother in a literal or figurative sense. It is also used of another member of the Church.
^XLIX “all” = pas. Same as “anything” in v2. See note IX above.
^L “stand before” = paristemi. Related to “stand” and “upheld” in v4. From para (from beside, by) + histemi (see note XXIII above). This is literally to place by stand. It can mean to present, exhibit, appear, bring, stand by, or prove. It can also mean to be ready, to assist, to yield, or to commend.
^LI “judgment seat” = bema. 12x in NT. From the same as basis (a pace, base, step, foot); from baino (to walk, go). This is a place that is raised and has steps such as where a tribunal would meet to mete out justice. It also refers literally to the chair from which such justice would come whether for reward or punishment. This word was borrowed into Jewish religious practice from Byzantine Greek (from the same root) to describe the raised area of the synagogue from which the Torah was proclaimed – the bima. See https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%94#Hebrew

^LII “written” = grapho. This is to write or describe. It is where the word “graphic” comes from.
^LIII “says” = lego. Related to “opinions” in v1. See note V above.
^LIV “every” = pas. Same as “anything” in v2. See note IX above.
^LV “knee” = gonu. 12x in NT. This is knee.
^LVI “bow” = kampto. 4x in NT. This is to bend or bow.

^LVII “tongue” = glossa. Root refers to a point that sticks out. This is tongue in a literal sense, but can also refer to language or a nation that speaks a different language. Figuratively, it can also refer to speaking in tongues or speech inspired by the Spirit.
^LVIII “give praise” = exomologeo. Related to “opinions” in v1 & “says” in v11. 10x in NT. From ek (from, from out of) + homologeo (to agree, speak the same, declare, promise, praise, celebrate; to align with, express the same conclusion, endorse); {from homologos (of one mind); {from homos (the same) + lego (see note V above)}}. This is agree, consent, or acknowledge. It can also be confess, give thanks, or praise. It includes an open, public, unabashed declaration.
^LIX “each” = hekastos. Same as “all” in v5. See note XXXIV above.
^LX “held” = didomi. To give, offer, place, bestow, deliver. This is give in a literal or figurative sense.
^LXI “accountable” = logos. Related to “opinions” in v1 & “says” and “give praise” in v11. See note V above.